Accessibility States

Severity	Serious
Accessibility Principle	Understandable
Affected users	Visual
Success criterion	4.1.2

Accessibility states are specific attributes that can be added to a component to communicate its current status to assistive technology.

aria-busy

• Severity: Serious

Indicates an element is being modified and that assistive technologies may want to wait until the changes are complete before informing the user about the update.[^1]

Type	Default
boolean	false

Expectations

Assistive Technology: Screen Reader

• When: The user triggers (double tap) a component
  • And: The component is performing a long (or async) task
    • Then: The Screen Reader announces the component as busy

Screen Reader behaviour

Assuming we have a button that adds the given product ID to the cart, which requires an API call:

const AddToCart = ({ productID }: { productID: string }) => {
  const { addToCart, isAddingToCart } = useQuery(ADD_TO_CART);

  const onPress = async () => {
    const result = await addToCart();
  };

  return (
    <Pressable
      accessibilityLabel="Add to cart"
      accessibilityRole="button"
      ariaBusy={isAddingToCart}
      onPress={isAddingToCart ? undefined : onPress}
    >
      {isAddingToCart} ? <ActivityIndicator /> : <Text>Add to cart</Text>
    </Pressable>
  );
};

In the example, while the adding action is happening, the button:

• Ignores any press action
• Shows a loading spinner

While this works fine for sighted users, we must add the ariaBusy={isAddingToCart} property for visually impaired users to signal that the action is still happening.

The user double taps on the example component:

VoiceOver	Talkback
	plays a sound as confirmation	Good

The user focuses again on the component while the API is still in flight:

VoiceOver	Talkback
	Add to cart, busy, button, double tap to activate	Good

aria-checked

• Severity: Serious

Indicates the state of a checkable element. This field can either take a boolean or the "mixed" string to represent mixed checkboxes.

Type	Default
boolean, 'mixed'	false

Expectations

Assistive Technology: Screen Reader

• When: The component can be toggle
  • And: Receives the focus
    • Then: The checked status is announced
    • And: And the accessibility label is announced
    • And: And the accessibility role is announced
    • And: And the available action is announced

caution

aria-checked is not to be confused with aria-selected. aria-checked is only meant to be used with checkboxes and toggle buttons.

Screen Reader behaviour

type ToggleButtonProps = {
  checked: boolean;
  label: string;
};

export const ToggleButton = ({ checked, label }: ToggleButtonProps) => {
  return (
    <Pressable
      accessibilityLabel={label}
      ariaChecked={checked}
      ariaRole="button"
    >
      {label}
    </Pressable>
  );
};

Assuming the button label is: Add me to the list

The user selects the component

State	VoiceOver	Talkback
checked		ticked, Add me to the list, tickbox, double tap to toggle	Good
not checked		not ticked, Add me to the list, tickbox, double tap to toggle	Good

The user double taps on the example component:

New state	VoiceOver	Talkback
checked		ticked	Good
not checked		not ticked	Good

aria-disabled

• Severity: Serious

Indicates that the element is perceivable but disabled, so it is not editable or otherwise operable.

Type	Default
boolean	false

Expectations

Assistive Technology: Screen Reader

• When: The component is disabled
  • And: Receives the focus
    • Then: The Screen Reader announces its disabled status first
    • And: The accessibility label is announced
    • And: The accessibility role is announced

Screen Reader behaviour

const AddToCart = ({ disabled }) => {
  return (
    <Pressable
      accessibilityLabel="Add to cart"
      accessibilityRole="button"
      disabled={disabled}
    >
      Add to cart
    </Pressable>
  );
};

When the component receives the focus

Is Disabled?	VoiceOver	Talkback
false	Add me to the cart, button, double tap to activate	Add me to the cart, button, double tap to activate	Good
true	dimmed, Add me to the cart, button	disabled, Add me to the cart, button	Good

aria-expanded

• Severity: Serious

Indicates whether an expandable element is currently expanded or collapsed.

Type	Default
boolean	false

Expectations

Assistive Technology: Screen Reader

• When: The user triggers (double tap) a collapsable component, i.e. Accordion
  • And: Its content is expanded/collapsed
    • Then: The Screen Reader announces the component as expanded/collapsed

Screen Reader behaviour

export const Content = ({ content }) => {
  const [isShowingMore, setIsShowingMore] = React.useState(false);

  return (
    <View>
      <Text numberOfLines={isShowingMore ? undefined : 2}>{content}</Text>
      <Pressable
        accessibilityLabel="Show more"
        accessibilityRole="button"
        ariaExpanded={isShowingMore}
        onPress={() => setIsShowingMore(showMore => !showMore)}
      >
        {isShowingMore ? 'Show less' : 'Show more'}
      </Pressable>
    </View>
  );
};

When the component receives the focus

Is the content expanded?	VoiceOver	Talkback
false		Show more, collapsed button, double tap to activate	Good
true		Show less, expanded, button, double tap to activate	Good

When the component is activated (double-tap)

Is the new state expanded?	VoiceOver	Talkback
false		Show more, collapsed button, double tap to activate	Good
true		Show less, expanded, button, double tap to activate	Good

aria-selected

Indicates whether a selectable element is currently selected or not.

Type	Default
boolean	false

Expectations

Assistive Technology: Screen Reader

• When: The user selects an option component, i.e. radio button
  • Then: The Screen Reader announces the component selected state first

Screen Reader behaviour

const OptionButton = ({ selected, label }) => {
  return (
    <Pressable
      accessibilityLabel={label}
      accessibilityRole="button"
      ariaSelected={selected}
    >
      <Text>{label}</Text>
    </Pressable>
  );
};

const TestScreen = () => {
  const [selectedOption, setSelectedOption] = React.useState('Big');

  return ['Big', 'Medium', 'Small'].map(size => {
    return (
      <Option
        label={size}
        selected={optionSelected}
        onPress={() => setSelectedOption(size)}
      />
    );
  });
};

When the component receives the focus

Is Selected?	VoiceOver	Talkback
false		accessibility label, button, double tap to activate	Good
true		Selected, accessibility label button, double tap to activate	Good

When the component is activated (double-tap)

Is the new state selected?	VoiceOver	Talkback
true		accessibility label, selected	Good
false			Good

Related AMA components

• ExpandablePressable
• Pressable
• TouchableOpacity
• TouchableWithoutFeedback

External references

• MDN: aria-busy
• MDN: aria-checked
• MDN: aria-disabled
• MDN: aria-expanded
• MDN: aria-selected
• How Not To Misuse ARIA States, Properties and Roles